Showing posts with label could. Show all posts
Showing posts with label could. Show all posts

Tuesday, 15 October 2013

Modal verbs - verbos modales


Modal Verbs

can – could
may – might
shall – should
will – would
must

These verbs have no infinitive, no past participle, and no -ing form. They are called defective verbs. Estos verbos no tienen ningún infinitivo, ni participio pasado, ni la forma -ing. Se llaman verbos defectivos. They come from the present and preterite tenses of Old English verbs and originally from German. Vienen de los tiempos presente y pretérito de inglés antiguo y originalmente de alemán.

The present tense of these verbs (can, may, shall, will) still expresses the present and future tenses, but the preterite forms (could, might, should, would) are now more like the Spanish subjunctive. El tiempo presente de estos verbos (can, may, shall, will) todavía expresa el presente y el futuro, pero la forma pretérita (could, might, should, would) hoy en día se parecen más el subjuntivo español.

The modal verbs express possibility, ability, opportunity, obligation, necessity, intention, probability, etc. Los verbos modales expresan posibilidad, habilidad, oportunidad, obligación, necesidad, intención, probabilidad, etc.

can – could (ability, permission, possibility)
(poder, saber)
I can speak English. (ability)
You can smoke here. (permission)
There can be competition between brothers. (possibility)

may – might (possibility, permission)
(puede que, podía)
It may not be true. Puede que no sea verdad. (possibility)
podría, pudiera ser May I go out? ¿Puedo salir? (permission)
es posible (que) It might be a good idea. Podría ser una buena idea. (possibility)

will – would (will = future) (courtesy, intention, probability, orders, habit, conditional)
(podría, quieres que, etc.)
Will you come this way? ¿Quiere venir por aquí?
Would you do me a favour? ¿Me haría un favor?
If I were you, I would send an email. En tu lugar, enviaría un email.
I would rather die!! ¡¡Yo preferiría morir!!
They would not listen. No escuchaban.

shall – should (shall = will = future) (suggestion, duty, obligation, advice, deduction)
(debería, quieres que, etc)
Shall I call a taxi? ¿Quieres que llame un taxi?
You should always tell the truth. Deberías decir la verdad siempre.
You should eat more vegetables. Deberías comer más verduras.
We also use ought to to express duty, obligation.  It is not as strong as must.

También utilizamos ought to para expresar el deber, la obligación.  No es tan fuerte como must.

must (only in the present tense) (strong duty, obligation, prohibition)
(= have to) 
(tener que) 

I must study more. Tengo que estudiar más. 
You must not go out. Está prohibido salir.

Here is a summary:

To express: Use:
ability can – could
permission may – might
can – could
obligation shall – must – have to
probability, uncertainty, possibility may – might
will – would
advice
obligation, duty
shall – should
ought to
intention, courtesy, condition will – would

Why is it so hard to translate "would"?
¿Por qué es tan difícil traducir "would"?

Mira unos ejemplos...

He would go to school every day.   (past tense, repeated action)
Él se iba a la escuela todos los días.

Would you open the window please?   (request, courtesy)
¿Te molestaría abrir la ventana, por favor?

I would do it straight away.   (conditional, supposition)
Yo lo habría ahora mismo.

If it was cheaper, I would buy it.  (conditional)
Si estuviera más barato, yo lo compraría.

You would say that, wouldn't you!  (emphasis, irony)
Tu tendrías que decir eso, ¡como no!

Would that it was so simple!  (subjunctive, supposition, hope)
¡Si fuera tan sencillo!

I wouldn't do that!   (advice, order)
Yo no haría eso.

She told me she would be there.  (reported speech)
Ella me dijo que estaría allí.

I wouldn't know.   (conjecture, uncertainty)
No sé.  Yo no lo sabría.

There would always be some left over. (past tense, repeated action)
Siempre sobraba algo.

I would have her do it.  (subjunctive)
Yo querria que ella lo hiciese.

...


When translating would into Spanish, we have many options to choose from and we need to look carefully at the context. That's why it's difficult. Because there are so many uses of would, translating from the Spanish to English is easier.  Cuando traducimos would al español, necesitamos elegir entre muchas opciones y por eso necesitamos mirar con cuidado el contexto. Por eso, es difícil. Porque hay tantos usos de would, la traducción del español al inglés es más facíl.

Hay una ambigüedad en inglés:

He would know. 
Does this mean that he knows, definitely?  Or that "I think" he knows?  Or he knew something in the past?  Is it ironic?  In Spanish, it is much clearer because we have tenses to express the different meanings.

¿Significa que es cierto que él sabe?  ¿O yo creo que él sabe? O él lo supo en el pasado?  ¿Es irónico?  En español es mucho más claro porque tenemos tiempos de los verbos para expresar los sentidos distintos.

But I would say that, wouldn't I?

Wednesday, 13 February 2013

Probabilidad, posibilidad - probability and possibility

Como podemos expresar la incertidumbre, la posibilidad y la probabilidad en inglés?  How can we express uncertainty, possibility and probability in English?

Perhaps and maybe

Normalmente, en español utilizamos el subjuntivo para indicar que algo es incierto,  por ejemplo cuando utilizamos quizá(s), tal vez y a lo mejor cuando hay dudas.  La traducción inglesa es perhaps o maybe y normalmente utilizamos el presente o el futuro.  El subjuntivo en inglés está desapareciendo poco a poco.  Para los ingleses, siempre es difícil decidir cuando necesitamos utilizar el subjuntivo en español porque en inglés es más sencillo.

Normally, in Spanish we use the subjunctive to indicate that something is uncertain,  for example when we use quizá(s), tal vez and a lo mejor and there are doubts.  The English translation is perhaps or maybe and we normally use them with the present or future tense.  The subjunctive in English is disappearing little by little.  For the English, it's always difficult to decide when to use the subjunctive in Spanish because in English it's easier.

Quizá se vayan mañana  (nota el uso del subjuntivo)
(we use the subjunctive in Spanish)

Perhaps they will leave tomorrow.
They will perhaps leave tomorrow.
Maybe they'll leave tomorrow.
(Utilizamos el futuro en inglés)

Podemos encontrar perhaps en posiciones diferentes en la frase.  Pero normalmente, maybe es al comienzo de la frase.  (No es una regla estricta, pero...)

We can find perhaps in different places in a sentence but normally maybe is found at the beginning. (Not a strict rule but...)


Frases que indican la incertidumbre

It's possible that  -  es posible que

It's likely that  -  es probable que

It's unlikely that -  no es probable que... + subjuntivo

It's unlikely that he will go - No es probable que vaya
(Fíjase, el futuro en inglés, el subjuntivo en español)
(Note the future tense in English, subjunctive in Spanish)

It's probable that  -  es probable que

It's probable that they'll get divorced
Es probable que se divorcien (el subjunctivo)

I'm sure that -  estoy seguro que


May, might, could
(la posibilidad en el presente o el futuro, possibility in the present or future)

He may + infinitive  -  puede (que) + verbo (quizá subjuntivo)
He may come tomorrow -  puede venir mañana

He might come tomorrow
He could come tomorrow

May have, might have, could have
(la posibilidad en el pasado, the possibility in the past)

She may have been at home -  ella pudo haber estado en casa
She might have been at home
She could have been at home

(Hay contracciones también: might've y could've
Pero NO may've...
There are contractions in English: might've and could've
but NOT may've)


NB - may y could puede significar también permissión o opportunidad o habilidad.  May and could can also mean permission, opportunity or ability.

He could go shopping - el podía ir de compras, el puede ir de compras
May I go to Barcelona? - ¿Puedo ir a Barcelona?